
from Ohio a mulatter, most as white as a white man. When Huck's father, poor and drunken white trash by any standard, learns that "a free nigger.

He also personally helped fund one of Yale Law School's first African American students, explaining: "We have ground the manhood out of them, and the shame is ours, not theirs, and we should pay for it." And his repeated use of that derogatory term in Huckleberry Finn is absolutely deliberate, ringing with irony. Friends with African American educator Booker T Washington, he co-chaired the 1906 Silver Jubilee fundraiser at Carnegie Hall for the Tuskegee Institute – a school run by Washington in Alabama to further "the intellectual and moral and religious life of the people". But that is not necessarily a reason for replacing it with a gentler (bowdlerised) term.
